胭脂虫寄生对仙人掌生长的影响

从印榕仙人掌(Opuntia ficus-indica Mill)植株高度、新增茎片数量和新增茎片面积3个方面研究不同密度胭脂虫Dactylopius coccus Costa寄生对仙人掌生长量的影响。结果表明:1)胭脂虫寄生对寄主仙人掌有明显的抑制作用,未被寄生的仙人掌株高、茎片数量和茎片面积的增加均明显大于被寄生的仙人掌;2)随着胭脂虫寄生密度的增加,仙人掌植株生长量的增加相应减少,生长高峰期的出现也会相应推迟;3)胭脂虫的寄生密度应控制在1000头/株以下,过大会导致仙人掌的死亡。     

不同培育模式胭脂虫产量评估

对云南禄丰两种培育模式下胭脂虫Dactylopius coccus Costa产量进行了调查与评估,结果表明:1)在大棚内培育近3年的梨果仙人掌植株上接种培育胭脂虫,每年每667 m2大棚约可产胭脂虫干虫32kg;2)在大棚内悬挂仙人掌茎片上接种培育胭脂虫,每667 m2仙人掌寄主林每年所产茎片约可产胭脂虫干虫9 kg。     

胭脂虫的行为及生殖特性

对胭脂虫Dactylopius coccus Costa在产卵、孵化、固定、泌蜡、蜕皮、结茧、羽化等方面的行为特性进行观察,并就该虫在有性及无性生殖两方面进行研究。结果表明,有性生殖♀虫平均怀卵量为269粒/雌,平均产卵量232粒/雌,平均孵化率96.5%,雌雄成虫性比约为3∶1,♂蛹羽化率可达94.7%,发育起点温度为5.77℃,世代有效积温为1600.60日.度。该胭脂虫不能以无性生殖方式进行繁殖,种群的延续需要以有性生殖方式进行。     

A new irregular coccus from the rumen of an oat-hay-fed jersey cow; effect on in vitro digestibility of corn stalks

A new coccoid bacterium has been isolated from the rumen of a Jersey cow fed oat hay. The organism has an irregular shape that resembles a nearly inflated bag (diameter: 0.8–1.0 m), is penicillin resistant and has a cell wall that is Gram-negative in nature. The % G+C ratio is 54, and fermentation products include acetate, ethanol, hydrogen and small amounts of lactate, propionate and succinate. The presence of the organism and 2% glucose in ensiled corn stalks resulted in an increased in vitro digestibility of the stalks.     

Improving photoprotection of Beauveria bassiana conidia for biological control of the cactus pest Dactylopius opuntiae in the semiarid region northeast of Brazil

A technical grade conidial preparation of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana isolate LCB63 was exposed to ultraviolet light (UV) from artificial and natural sources in the presence of various photoprotectants to develop a viable formulation to control Dactylopius opuntiae, a limiting pest of forage cacti in the Brazilian semiarid region. In the first experiment, Conidial viability was assessed in preparations containing water and liposoluble photoprotectants at a concentration of 1% and exposed to solar radiation for 0, 60, and 120 min. In another experiment, preparations containing different concentrations of the selected photoprotectants were exposed to natural and artificial UV radiation for 120 and 5 min, respectively. Insecticide activity of technical grade conidial preparations containing selected photoprotectants were evaluated against first instar nymphs of D. opuntiae. In general, no evaluated compounds showed deleterious effects on conidial germination, and they provided a strong degree of protection over a short period of time. One-percent concentrations of starch and skim milk resulted in low photoprotection over a longer irradiation period, while 1% Neo Heliopan AV, Neo Heliopan E1000 and Oxybenzone provided a moderate degree of protection. Increasing the concentration of Oxybenzone increased germination rate to 70%, while treatment with 1% Neo Heliopan E1000 maintained germination at 50%. A technical grade conidial preparation containing 1% Oxybenzone was effective in promoting D. opuntiae nymph mortality. These results suggested that addition of liposoluble photoprotectants could provide better photoprotection for B. bassiana LCB63 conidia in bioinsecticide formulations.     

胭脂虫寄生前后梨果仙人掌挥发性物质的变化

为了研究胭脂虫Dactylopius coccus Costa寄生前后梨果仙人掌(Opuntia ficus-indica Mill)挥发性物质的变化,以动态顶空密闭循环吸附捕集法捕集胭脂虫寄生前后梨果仙人掌的挥发物,并运用全自动热脱附-气相色谱/质谱(ATD-GC/MS)联用技术进行分析检测,用峰面积归一化法测定其相对含量。结果表明,无虫梨果仙人掌的挥发物中共检测到8种化合物,有虫的梨果仙人掌中共检测到9种化合物,化合物的种类和含量都有一定的变化;萜烯类是植食昆虫诱导的植物挥发性次生物质中的主要成分,本试验中,萜烯类在胭脂虫寄生前后的含量由23.12%降为6.98%。在无虫仙人掌的挥发物中检测出苯甲醛,含量约占1.73%,有虫的仙人掌中则未检测到;同样在有虫仙人掌挥发物中检出的其他物质如酯类(21.15%)、醇类(1.79%)和卤代芳烃类(1.51%)物质在无虫仙人掌植株中都未检测出。     

First study of the biology of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and its potential to feed on the mealybug Dactylopius opuntiae (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) under laboratory conditions in Morocco

Abstract

Dactylopius opuntiae, is known as specific Opuntia cochineal in many countries around the world. This sap-sucking insect was first detected in Morocco in 2014. To address the problem, the feeding potential of different development stages of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, a biological control agent against mealybugs, was investigated on different development stages of D. opuntiae. Fourth instar larvae and adults of C. montrouzieri were the most voracious feeders on different instars of the mealybug. The numbers of mealybug eggs consumed by first, second, third and fourth instar larva and adults of C. montrouzieri were 36.18?±?1.84, 68.08?±?4.17, 280.55?±?5.41, 540.55?±?5.35, 6514.13?±?64.28, respectively. The numbers of mealybug nymphs consumed by the same stages of C. montrouzieri were 35.43?±?1.75, 67.73?±?3.88, 279.85?±?5.58, 539.63?±?5.08 and 6501.7?±?81.94 (first instars) and 34.83?±?1.20, 57.45?±?1.22, 83.80?±?1.92, 213.65?±?3.46 and 6013.23?±?35.46 (second instars), respectively. The corresponding figures for adult female mealybugs were 1.40?±?0.78, 10.65?±?1.83, 18.58?±?1.24, 25.23?±?1.10 and 197.15?±?3.29, respectively. The egg, larval, prepupal, pupal and adult stages occupied 3.36–3.69, 20.21–27.59, 1.31–1.59, 10.62–10.72 and 96.10–102.51?days, respectively when the coccinellid was reared on different stages of D. opuntiae. The results indicate that C. montrouzieri has the potential to be used as a biocontrol agent in Morocco.     

胭脂虫养殖方式初探

2003～2005年在四川凉山彝族自治州西昌市、宁南县,对胭脂虫进行大棚养殖试验、大棚仙人掌悬挂养殖试验和野外养殖试验,结果表明大棚养殖和大棚仙人掌悬挂养殖胭脂虫效果比较好;野外养殖受气候影响较大,胭脂虫难以成活.     

艾灸对诱导性大鼠关节炎症及肠道菌群的影响

目的 观察艾灸治疗大鼠实验性类风湿关节炎(RA)的效果及其肠道菌群变化。方法 将46只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组10只,正常艾灸组12只,RA模型组12只,RA艾灸组12只。RA艾灸组与RA模型组以牛Ⅱ型胶原诱导方法建立关节炎大鼠模型。正常艾灸组与RA艾灸组给予艾灸双侧肾俞、足三里,正常对照组与RA模型组不进行艾灸治疗。分别于造模成功后,艾灸干预第1、2、3周测量各组大鼠体质量、足趾容积、关节炎指数(AI)评分、杆菌/球菌、革兰阳性杆菌/细菌总数并比较差异。结果 大鼠造模后较正常对照组一般情况差、体质量低、足趾容积大、AI评分高、杆菌/球菌及革兰阳性杆菌/细菌总数比值低。艾灸干预后一般情况改善、体质量增加、足趾容积稳定增加、AI评分下降、杆菌/球菌及革兰阳性杆菌/细菌总数比值增加。RA临床表现和肠道菌群变化呈显著性相关,各时间段艾灸干预后RA模型组、RA艾灸组大鼠杆菌/球菌、革兰阳性杆菌/细菌总数差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。结论 艾灸能够有效治疗Ⅱ型胶原诱导关节炎大鼠关节炎症和调节肠道菌群紊乱状态。